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Aid to Families With Dependent Children Is a Program That Demonstrates

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Federal assistance program in the U.Southward. from 1935 to 1997

Assist to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was a federal assistance program in the United states of america in event from 1935 to 1997, created past the Social Security Deed (SSA) and administered by the United States Department of Wellness and Human Services that provided financial aid to children whose families had depression or no income.

The program grew from a modest role of the social security system to a significant system of welfare administered by the states with federal funding. All the same, it was criticized for offering incentives for women to accept children, and for providing disincentives for women to join the workforce. In July 1997, AFDC was replaced by the more restrictive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program.

History [edit]

The overall turn down in welfare monthly benefits (in 2006 dollars)[ane]

The program was created nether the name Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) by the Social Security Act of 1935 as office of the New Deal. It was created every bit a means tested entitlement which subsidized the income of families where fathers were "deceased, absent, or unable to work".[ii] : 29 It provided a direct payment of $18 per calendar month for ane child, and $12 for a second child.[2] : 30 [iii] : 76 In 1994, the boilerplate payment was $420/month.[4]

The federal government required contributions from individual states, and authorized state discretion to determine who received help and in what amount.[2] : thirty ADC was primarily created for white unmarried mothers, who were expected not to work. Blackness mothers, who had always been in the labor force, were non considered eligible to receive benefits.[5] In 1961 a change in the law permitted states to extend benefits to families where the male parent was unemployed, a measure which 25 states eventually adopted.[6] : 164 The words "families with" were added to the name in 1962, partly due to concern that the program's rules discouraged marriage.[two] : 31

The Ceremonious Rights Movement and the efforts of the National Welfare Rights System in the 1960s expanded the scope of welfare entitlements to include black women. The welfare rolls racial demographics changed drastically. The majority of welfare recipients still remained white and nigh black female recipients connected to work.[5] Starting in 1962, the Department of Wellness and Human being Services allowed state-specific exemptions every bit long as the change was "in the spirit of AFDC" in gild to permit some experimentation. By 1996 spending was $24 billion per year. When adapted for aggrandizement, the highest spending was in 1976, which exceeded 1996 spending past about eight%.[vii] In 1967 the federal government began requiring states to institute the paternity of children eligible for the program, and extended benefits to "unemployed male parents with a work history".[2] : 31

Man-in-the-house rule [edit]

A number of states enacted so called "man-in-the-house" rules, which disqualified families if in that location was whatsoever developed male person present in the household whatsoever. As Williams and Hardisty phrased it:

States had broad discretion to determine eligibility and many states conditioned the receipt of welfare on the sexual morality of the mother, using "suitable home" and "man in the business firm" rules to disqualify many African American single mothers.[viii]

The "man-in-the-business firm" dominion was struck downward in 1968 by the Supreme Courtroom in King v. Smith.[nine] Thereafter, families with males in the household were eligible for benefits if they were non accounted to exist bodily or substitute parents, although whatever financial contribution on the office of the male to the family was still considered a function of the family'southward full income.[3] : 77 By 1981, the Supreme Court went further and required that states take into consideration the income earned by step-fathers.[3] : 77

Thirty-and-a-3rd rule [edit]

AFDC caseload[6] : 166
Time period Growth
1950-60 7%
1960-65 24%
1965-70 125%
1970-75 29%
1975-80 iii%

The year 1967 saw the establishment of the thirty-and-a-third rule, which allowed families to go on their first $xxx earned along with i 3rd of their income following the first $thirty without the change affecting their eligibility for benefits.[6] : 164 [ten] : 95 This and other factors led to a large increase in enrollment.[10] : 95 For example, caseloads rose 24% from 1960 to 1965, only rose 126% in the menstruation from 1965 to 1970.[half-dozen] : 166

Criticism [edit]

Early in the program, in that location were concerns about whether it encouraged unwed motherhood.[2] : 31 Some advocates complained that the rule had the effect of breaking up marriages and promoting matriarchy:[a]

[T]he AFDC plan tended to treat households with a cohabiting male who was not the natural father of the children much more leniently than those with a resident spouse or father of the children. This feature created a clear disincentive for marriage and also a articulate incentive for divorce, because women who married face the reduction or loss of their AFDC benefits.[three]

In 1984, libertarian author Charles Murray, author of The Bell Bend, suggested that welfare causes dependency. He argued that as welfare benefits increased, the number of recipients also increased; this beliefs, he said, was rational: there is piddling reason to work if one can receive benefits for a long period of time without having to work.[vi] : 162–half-dozen His subsequently work and that of Richard J. Herrnstein and others suggested possible merit to the theory of a dysgenic effect,[28] nevertheless, the data are non entirely clear.[29]

One economist was unable to detect disarming evidence that welfare programs take a strong event on the dissolution of marriages.[30] Only right or incorrect, this statement was amid the stepping stones leading to the modification of AFDC toward TANF.[31]

Termination [edit]

In 1996, President Bill Clinton negotiated with the Republican-controlled Congress to pass the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, which drastically restructured the program. Amid other changes, a lifetime limit of five years was imposed on the receipt of benefits; the newly limited nature of the replacement program was reinforced by calling AFDC's successor Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF). Many Americans continue to refer to TANF as "welfare" or AFDC.

TANF has remained controversial. In 2003, LaShawn Y. Warren, an ACLU Legislative Counsel, said that TANF gives states an incentive "to deny benefits to those who need it most. The solution to getting people out of the cycle of poverty is not to prematurely kick them off welfare. Too many have been denied assist unfairly, creating a false impression that the number of people who demand assistance has decreased."[32] In 2006, a New Commonwealth editorial wrote, "A wide consensus now holds that welfare reform was certainly not a disaster—and that it may, in fact, have worked much as its designers had hoped."[33]

Meet also [edit]

  • Administration for Children and Families
  • Goldberg v. Kelly
  • Universal basic income

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ see also single-parent family

References [edit]

  1. ^ 2008 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Figure TANF 2.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Bare, Susan W.; Blum, Barbara B. (1997). "A Brief History of Work Expectations for Welfare Mothers". The Future of Children. 7 (1): 28–38. doi:10.2307/1602575. JSTOR 1602575. PMID 9170730. S2CID 14166595.
  3. ^ a b c d Grossbard, Shoshana A. (28 April 2003). Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman (ed.). Marriage and the Economy: Theory and Testify from Advanced Industrial Societies. Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN9780521891431 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ a b Roberts, Dorothy (1997). "Chapter v". Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty . Pantheon Books.
  6. ^ a b c d e Murray, Charles (4 August 2008). Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980, 10th Anniversary Edition. Bones Books. ISBN9780786723775 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  7. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human being Services (website) "Federal and State Expenditures for AFDC"
  8. ^ "The Right's Campaign Against Welfare". Archived from the original on 2015-xi-19. Retrieved 2014-08-07 .
  9. ^ "Help To Dependent Children: The Legal History". Virginia Democracy Academy . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  10. ^ a b Kiefer, Christie W. (2000). Health Work with the Poor: A Applied Guide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN9780813527772 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  11. ^ Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice M. (1968). Vital Statistics Rates in the Usa 1940-1960 (PDF) (Study). Public Wellness Service Publication. Vol. 1677. U.S. Section of Wellness, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics. p. 185.
  12. ^ Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (Oct 18, 2000). Nonmarital Childbearing in the The states, 1940-99 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Centre for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. pp. 28–31.
  13. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M. (February 12, 2002). Births: Concluding Data for 2000 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. l. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Eye for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  14. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa G.; Sutton, Paul D. (December 18, 2002). Births: Final Data for 2001 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51. Centers for Illness Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 47.
  15. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (December 17, 2003). Births: Last Data for 2002 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Heart for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 57.
  16. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha Fifty. (September 8, 2005). Births: Final Data for 2003 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 52.
  17. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006). Births: Final Information for 2004 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  18. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha L. (Dec 5, 2007). Births: Final Data for 2005 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56. Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, National Heart for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  19. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (January 7, 2009). Births: Final Data for 2006 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 54.
  20. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (August nine, 2010). Births: Final Data for 2007 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58. Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  21. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (Dec viii, 2010). Births: Final Data for 2008 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Eye for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 46.
  22. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (Nov 3, 2011). Births: Terminal Data for 2009 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. threescore. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  23. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.Chiliad.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (August 28, 2012). Births: Final Information for 2010 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Eye for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 45.
  24. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013). Births: Final Data for 2011 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. p. 43.
  25. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Emerge C. (December thirty, 2013). Births: Final Data for 2012 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 41.
  26. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady East.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Emerge C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015). Births: Concluding Information for 2013 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 40.
  27. ^ Hamilton, Brady E.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015). Births: Final Information for 2014 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. pp. seven & 41.
  28. ^ Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Bend: Intelligence and Form Structure in American Life. New York: Costless Press. ISBN 0-02-914673-9 pgs 191-193
  29. ^ The Bell Curve Flattened past Nicholas Lemann in Slate (Jan 1996)
  30. ^ Schoeni, Robert F. and Rebecca M. Blank. 2000. "What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Construction." National Bureau of Economic Enquiry Working Paper 7627. Cambridge, MA: NBER
  31. ^ "Transcendental appurtenances", Reason (magazine), April 1, 2004, past Nick Gillespie, "Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 was a devastating dissection of welfare programs and is widely credited with helping inspire the welfare reforms of the 1990s." This is also supported by "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography", by Webster Thousand. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin Chapter 11
  32. ^ ACLU Says Current Welfare Reform Measure out Ineffective, Calls for Ceremonious Rights Protections, Better Poverty Elimination Efforts (September 10, 2003)
  33. ^ Fared Well. New Republic, September 4, 2006, Vol. 235, Effect 10, Page 7.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Keith M. Kilty, Elizabeth A. Segal. The Promise of Welfare Reform: Political Rhetoric and the Reality of Poverty in the Twenty-Outset. (2006)
  • Clarita A. Mrena and Patricia Elston. Welfare Reform: State Sanction Policies and Number of Families Afflicted (2000)
  • Robert P Stoker and Laura A Wilson. When Piece of work Is Not Enough: State and Federal Policies to Back up Needy Workers 2006
  • Webster Grand. Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin. George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography
  • Joel N. Shurkin. Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. ISBN i-4039-8815-three
  • Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Course Construction in American Life. New York: Gratis Press. ISBN 0-02-914673-9
  • Charles Murray, 1984. Losing Ground: American Social Policy. 1950–1980
  • Nick Gillespie. "Transcendental goods". Reason (mag), April 1, 2004
  • "The Bong Curve Flattened" by Nicholas Lemann, in Slate (magazine) (Jan 1996)
  • "Is the Great Club to Blame? If Not, Why Have Issues Worsened Since '60s?" by Michael Fumento, Investor's Business organisation Daily, June 19, 1992
  • "Cracked Bong" by Professor James Heckman in Reason (March 1995)
  • "Federal and State Expenditures for AFDC" from the U.Due south. Department of Wellness and Human Services website
  • "A Cursory History of the AFDC Programme" from the U.S. Section of Health and Human Services (website)
  • "The New Kid Care Block Grant, State Funding Choices and Their Implications" by Sharon K. Long & Sandra J. Clark, posted to the Urban Institute website October 1, 1997
  • "Women, Children, and Poverty in America" by Prudence Brown, Ford Foundation website
  • "Timeline of National Welfare Reform" from PBS.org

External links [edit]

  • Aid to Families with Dependent Children at HHS
  • The Future of Children, Executive Summary, Heart for the Futurity of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, at Princeton University website

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children

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